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fotos
de animales silvestres de
ARGENTINA
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photos
of wild animals of ARGENTINA
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Aves - Birds
PASSERIFORMES - FURNARIIDAE Horneros, camineras, canasteros, pijuís, pajonaleras - Horneros, miners, canasteros, spinetails, reedhaunters |
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FAMILIA ANTERIOR
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PRÓXIMA
FAMILIA
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Orden:
Order: |
Passeriformes
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Horneros, camineras, pijuis
Horneros, miners, spinetails |
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Los
Furnaridos son un grupo de diferentes especies de aves que comparten
algunas características comunes. A este complejo o "familia
de especies" se lo llama "Furnariidae" y es exclusiva
de Sudamérica. (Se llama familia como concepto de grupo,
pero aclaremos que las distintas especies no se cruzan entre si.) Comprende
más de 200 especies distintas, de las cuales más
de 70 de estas formas se hallan en Argentina. Una de las especies
de Furnaridos más conocidos es el Hornero, pues se lo ve en plazas,
jardines y quintas en Buenos Aires y por todo el Norte y Centro de Argentina.
Además es el Ave Nacional de Argentina. Todos los Furnáridos
tienen plumaje amarronado y algunas especies son similares entre si,
por lo que a veces resulta difícil identificarlos correctamente
a nivel de especie. Los nidos de los Furnariidae actuales son de construcción
muy diversa (ej.: hueco en árbol, hueco en la tierra,
nido globoso de palitos u otro material vegetal, y sin olvidar la
clásica casita de barro del Hornero) pero siempre son cerrados.
Es decir, el nido es globoso con una abertura para entrar y salir del
mismo, lo cual no es algo común entre las aves.
La sistemática (el orden evolutivo) de la familia utilizada en esta página se basa en recientes estudios de ADN, citados abajo, que finalmente permiten reconstruir un árbol genealógico del grupo compuesto de 5 sub-familias. Estos excelentes trabajos postulan una secuencia evolutiva de la familia. Las primeras especies de Furnaridos habitaban densos bosques y nidificaban en huecos naturales en los árboles que cubrían todo Sudamérica. Tras el surgimiento de la Cordillera de los Andes hace 20-40 millones de años, gradualmente se perdieron los bosques y aparecieron hábitats mucho más áridos y semidesérticos (como la puna, el monte árido que se extiende desde Catamarca hasta La Pampa, la estepa patagónica, etc.) y otras áreas abiertas también sin árboles como los pastizales pampeanos y humedales (Iberá), etc. En este escenario los Furnáridos tuvieron que "agudizar el ingenio" y adaptar su forma de nidificación para poder sobrevivir. Se produjo entonces una "radiación adaptativa": el surgimiento gradual de nuevas formas (nuevas especies) especializadas (valga la redundancia!) y que desarrollaron un notable abanico de técnicas constructivas de sus nidos, lo que les permitió sobrevivir en cada uno de estos hábitats. Por otro lado, mirando el árbol genealógico notaremos una clara tendencia: las especies terminales de cada rama son siempre adaptadas a habitats más despojados de árbles (es el caso de las 2 pajonaleras, que por otro lado no estan emparentadas como se creía) mientras que las especies a la cabeza de algunas ramas viven en bosques densos. Esta especialización y dependencia de hábitat hace que hoy muchas especies de la familia se encuentren con problemas para subsistir, y se acercan gradualmente a la extinción, pues los desmontes, los cultivos y otros cambios al paisaje impuestos por el hombre en todas partes están borrando de la faz de la tierra a aquello que les sirvió de hogar a lo largo de 20 millones de años de evolución. ¡No pueden vivir fuera de ellos, y no pueden evolucionar en 5 años, ni en 50 ni suquiera en 500! Por eso, si eres dueño de un bosque o bosquecito de árboles nativos (como espinillo, ñandubay, calden, jarilla, tala, por nombrar sólo algunos), o selvas, montes bajos, arbustales áridos, estepa patagónica, pastizal natural, costa de laguna, pajonales, etc. - en rigor, casi cualquier hábitat natural - piensa en los furnáridos... y cuída ese hábitat - por más que el lugar parezca inservible ¡Por favor, no dejes que estos hábitats se consuman! Mira en esta página las especies de aves que soporta tu lugar, y luego piensa como hacer para conservarlo. Ten especial atención en lo siguiente: si te acercas a un pajonal a las 11 de la mañana quizás no veas ni oigas nada, y te llevarás la falsa impresión de que "aquí nada vive". Pero acercate al mismo lugar al amanecer y verás la magnífica diversidad de cantos que se oyen. Esos son lo pájaros que no se dejan ver, pero ESTAN! Agradezco a los autores de las 2 increíbles monografías citadas abajo. AE |
The
Furnarids are a family - a group of related species that share
certain common features - found only in S. America. There are
over 200 different species of Furnarids, of which over 70
are found in Argentina. All are moslty brown and can be hard to identify,
so knowing the call of the bird is a great help. Another common feature
is that all nests are enclosed. However, the nest construction
technique and materials used varies enormously between species, including
hollows in trees or mud banks, under stones, globular nest made of twigs
in bushes, on trees or posts, or made of reeds or grasses and placed
under bushes, grasses or in reedbeds - and not forgettng the famous
soccer-ball sized mud "oven" built by the Horneros. The systematics
(layout) of the Furnariidae family used in this website is based on
recent DNA studies, listed below, that have finally resolved the relationship
between species of this enigmatic group. One reason why the family is
enigmatic is due to the many (now proven) cases of convergence (similar
features in species that are not closely related - ie, "parallel
evolution") that have caused much confusion to taxonomists who
attempted to delucidate the family tree through morphology and habits.
The new molecular studies use DNA comparison to arrive at a more robust
result consisting of 5 branches, and propose the following evolutionary
story of the family: originally these birds were all tree-cavity nesters
living in dense rainforests. Tree-cavity nests are basically an enclosed
structure, with a small opening to get in and out. However, the rising
of the Andes range 20-40 million years ago produced great changes to
the the continent's climate and vegetation, creating areas such as Patagonia,
a vast rainshadow zone of arid steppes and bushland. In other parts
tropical, subtropical and temperate rainforests gave way to other emerging
habitats such as the pampas grasslands, open wetlands, dry "chaco"
forests, deserts, puna, etc. Furnarid speciation led to adaptations
that allowed these birds to conquer and survive in these new habitats,
which also meant having to resort to different types of nests and construction
techniques. Notably they all kept true to that ancestral design of making
enclosed nests, but the resources availabe in each habitat determined
where and how the nest could be built. These papers propose that the
extraordinary plasticity shown by the Furnariidae, which allowed them
to build nests in so many different ways, was key to the success of
the family, allowing it to radiate, evolve, and adapt to living in all
of the habitats found in South America. Within the family tree there
is a clear tendency showing how species that are further down the subfamily
branches are also adapted to more open, treeless habitats, such as reedbeds.This
specialization also spells trouble for the conservation of these species,
as these habitats are being quickly lost to development, mainly due
to the expansion of agriculture.
Many thanks to the authors of these wonderful papers! AE |
| 1)
Evolution of the ovenbird-woodcreeper assemblage (Aves: Furnariidae)
major shifts in nest architecture and adaptive radiation. Martin Irestedt, Jon Fjeldsa and Per G. P. Ericson - Journal of Avian Biology, 2006 2) Philogeny of the Ovenbird genus Upucerthia: a case of independent adaptations for terrestrial life. Jon Fjeldsa, Martin Irestedt, Knud A. Jønsson, Jan I. Ohlsson & Per G. P. Ericson - Zoologica Scripta 2007 |
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La
siguiente tabla muestra las 5 sub-familias de Funráridos, indicando
solamente las especies con foto en este sitio. Utilizá el link
a la derecha de c/u para acceder directamente a la especie buscada.
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The
following table shows the 5 subfamilies of the Furnarids, and the names
of species of which there are photos in this site. Use the link
to the right of each spp. for quick access to the species you are looking
for.
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SUBFAMILIA
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Nombre
Español
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English
Name
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Scientif.
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Link
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1
SCLERURINAE |
Este pequeño
grupo basal es el más antiguo de los Furnariidae - Camineras
(Geositta) y Raspahojas (Sclerurus). |
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| Raspahojas | Rufous-breasted Leafscraper | Sclerurus scansor | ||
| Caminera Colorada | Rufous-banded Miner | Geositta rufipenis | ||
| Caminera Común | Common Miner | Geositta cunicularia | ||
| Caminera Patagónica | Short-billed Miner | Geositta antarctica | ||
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DENDROCOLAPTINAE |
El
segundo grupo más antiguo, mayormente constituido por la ex-familia
Dendrocolaptidae. Por cuestiones históricas de este sitio web,
sigue aún presentado en página aparte. Comprende a los Picoleznas,
Arapasú, Tarefero, Trepadores, Picapalos y Chincheros. The second oldest group, mostly composed of the ex-Dendrocolaptidae family, which for historic reasons is still kept apart in this website as a separate page. It comprises all but one Treerunner, Woodcreepers and Scythebills. |
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3
PHILYDORINAE |
Tercer
grupo: especies mayormente selváticas (Ticoticos), y unas excepciones:
un Picolezna y algunas Bandurritas.
Third group: mostly dense forest birds (Foliage-Gleaners) as well as some exceptions: a Treerunner and some Earthcreepers. |
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| Ticotico Común | Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner | Syndactyla rufosuperciliata | ||
| Picolezna Patagónico | White-throated Treerunner | Pygarrhichas albogularis | ||
| Bandurrita Patagónica | Band-tailed Earthcreeper | Ochetorhynchus phoenicurus | ||
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4
FURNARINAE |
Las
especies de este grupo muestran una progresión evolutiva desde
bosques secos hacia sabanas, costas y pajonales. This is the fourth most ancient group but is placed first here as it includes the Rufous Hornero, Argentina's National Bird The species of this group show an evolutionary progression of habitats to dry forest, savannah, open areas and finally lagoons. |
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| Hornero | Rufous Hornero | Furnarius rufus | ||
| Hornerito Copetón | Crested Hornero | Furnarius cristatus | ||
| Bandurrita Chaqueña | Chaco Earthcreeper | Tarphonomus certhioides (Upucerthia c.) | ||
| Pajonalera Pico Curvo | Curve-billed Reedhaunter | Limnornis curvirostris | ||
| Junquero | Wren-like Rushbird | Phleocryptes melanops | ||
| Remolinera Común | Bar-winged Cinclodes | Cinclodes fuscus | ||
| Remolinera Araucana | Dark-bellied Cinclodes | Cinclodes patagonicus | ||
| Remolinera Chica | Grey-flanked Cinclodes | Cinclodes oustaleti | ||
| Bandurrita Común | Scale-throated Earthcreeper | Upucerthia dumetaria | ||
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5
SYNALLAXINAE |
La
misma tendencia: desde habitatnes del bosque andino (Rayadito) hacia habitas
más abiertos: bosques secos (Coluditos, Crestudo), áreas
arbustivas (Canasteros, Espineros, Pijuís) y pajonales (Espartilleros,
Curutié Ocráceo y Pajonalera Pico Recto). Most recent group. Has adapted to dry forest, bushland and lagoons - Spinetails, Canasteros, Thornbirds, etc. |
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Rayadito |
Thorn-tailed Rayadito | Aphrastura spinicauda | ||
| Coludito Copetón | Tufted Tit-Spinetail | Leptasthenura pletensis | ||
| Coludito Cola Negra | Plain-mantled Tit-Spinetail | Leptasthenura aegitaloides | ||
| Espinero Grande | Greater Thornbird | Phacellodomus ruber | ||
| Espinero Pecho Manchado | Freckle-breasted Thornbird | Phacellodomus striaticollis | ||
| Espinero Chico | Little Thornbird | Phacellodomus sibilatrix | ||
| Crestudo | Lark-like Brushrunner | Coryphistera alaudina | ||
| Leñatero | Firewood-gatherer | Anumbius annumbi | ||
| Cacholote Castaño | Brown Cachalote | Pseudoseisura lophotes | ||
| Cacholote Pardo | White-throated Cachalote | Pseudoseisura gutturalis | ||
| Canastero Chaqueño | Short-billed Canastero | Asthenes baeri | ||
| Canastero Patagónico | Patagonian Canastero | Asthenes patagonica | ||
| Canastero Coludo | Sharp-billed (Lesser) Canastero | Asthenes pyrrholeuca | ||
| Canastero Pálido | Cordilleran Canastero | Asthenes modesta | ||
| Espartillero Pampeano | Hudson's Canastero | Asthenes hudsoni | ||
| Espartillero Enano | Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail | Spartonoica maluroides | ||
| Pijuí Plomizo | Spixi's (Chicli) Spinetail | Synallaxis spixi | ||
| Pijuí Frente Gris | Sooty-fronted Spinetail | Synallaxis frontalis | ||
| Pijuí Cola Parda | Pale-breasted Spinetail | Synallaxis albescens | ||
| Pijuí Corona Rojiza | Rufous-capped Spinetail | Synallaxis ruficapilla | ||
| Chotoy | Chotoy Spinetail | Schoeneiophylax phryganophilus | ||
| Curutié Colorado | Yellow-chinned Spinetail | Certhiaxis cinnamomea | ||
| Curutié Blanco | Stripe-crowned Spinetail | Cranioleuca pyrrhophia | ||
| Curutié Ocráceo | Sulphur-throated (-bearded) Spinetail | Cranioleuca suphurifera | ||
| Pajonalera Pico Recto | Straight-billed Reedhaunter | Limnoctites rectirostris | ||
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INCERT.
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| Colilarga | Des Mur's Wiretail | Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii | ||
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Subfamilia:
Sub-family: |
(Basal
clade)
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Camineras, raspahojas
Miners, leaftossers |
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Raspahojas
Sclerurus scansor Rufous-breasted Leafscraper |
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Chubut - 2/2002 |
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Caminera
Colorada
Geositta rufipennis Rufous-banded Miner |
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Caminera
Común
Geositta cunicularia Common Miner |
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Chubut - 2/2002 |
Chubut - 2/2002 |
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Caminera
Patagónica
Geositta antarctica Short-billed Miner |
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Subfamilia:
Sub-family: |
(ex-Dendrocolaptidae)
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Trapadores, chincheros
Woodcreepers, scythebills |
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Subfamilia:
Sub-family: |
Phylidorinae
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Ticoticos,
Miners, foliage-gleaners |
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Ticotico
Común
Syndactyla rufosuperciliata Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner |
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Picolezna
Patagónico
Pygarrhichas albogularis White-throated Treerunner |
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Subfamilia:
Sub-family: |
Furnariinae
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Horneros, remolineras, bandurritas
Horneros, cinclodes, earthcreepers |
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Hornero
Común
Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero El Ave Nacional de Argentina - The National Bird of Argentina |
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Pose típica - Typical posture |
En comedero - On feeder |
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Comiendo gusano - Feeding on a worm |
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Perdices, Entre
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Juvenil - Juvenile |
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En su nido - In its nest |
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Ea. "El Bagual", Formosa - 11/2004 |
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Ceibas, Entre
Ríos - 10/2007
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Ceibas, Entre
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Near-white Rufous Hornero - genetic defect simlar to albinism - Ceibas - October 2006 |
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Nest in engine exit of display Camberra bomber Paraná, Entre Ríos. 8/2007 |
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Nest taken over by Saffron Finch Iberá, Corrientes - 1/2009 |
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Hornerito
Copetón
Furnarius cristatus Crested Hornero |
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Ave y nido - Bird and nest |
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Bandurrita
Chaqueña
Tarphonomus certhioides (ex Upucerthia c.) Chaco Earthcreeper |
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Junquero
Phleocryptes melanops Wren-like Rushbird |
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Buenos Aires - 7/2001 |
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En el nido - In nest |
En el nido - In nest |
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Remolinera
Común
Cinclodes fuscus Bar-winged Cinclodes |
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Costanera Sur,
Buenos Aires - 8/2006
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Remolinera
Araucana
Cinclodes patagonicus Dark-bellied Cinclodes |
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Remolinera
Chica
Cinclodes oustaleti Grey-flanked Cinclodes (AKA Oustalet's Cinclodes) |
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Bandurrita
Común
Upucerthia dumetaria Scale-throated Earthcreeper |
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Familia:
Family: |
Furnariidae
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Subfamilia:
Sub-family: |
Synallaxinae
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Pijuís, canasteros, etc.
Spinetails, canasteros, etc. |
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Rayadito
Aphrastura spinicauda Thorn-tailed Rayadito |
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Santa Cruz (cordillera), - 1/2000 |
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Coludito
Cola Negra
Leptasthenura aegitaloides Plain-mantled Tit-Spinetail |
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Espinero
Grande
Phacellodomus ruber Greater Thornbird |
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Espinero
Pecho Manchado
Phacellodomus striaticollis Freckle-breasted Thornbird |
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Costanera Sur,
Buenos Aires - 8/2006
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Saliendo del niedo - Leaving nest |
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Espinero
Chico
Phacellodomus sibilatrix Little Thornbird |
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En el nido - On nest |
En el nido - On nest |
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Crestudo
Coryphistera alaudina Lark-like Brushrunner |
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Reserva "El
Bagual", Formosa - 11/2004
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Ceibas, Entre
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Leñatero
Anumbius annumbi Firewood-gatherer |
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Pichones en el nido - Chicks in nest |
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Nido - Nest |
Nido - Nest |
Nido - Nest |
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Buenos Aires - 4/2002 En arbol de Molle - On Molle tree (Molle = Schinus fasciculatus) |
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Digiscoped |
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Cacholote
Castaño
Pseudoseisura lophotes Brown Cacholote |
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Cacholote
Pardo
Pseudoseisura gutturalis White-throated Cacholote |
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Nidos en arbusto de Chañar Brea - Nest on Chañer Brea bush |
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Canastero
Chaqueño
Asthenes baeri Short-billed Canastero |
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Ceibas, Entre
Ríos - 10/2007
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Canastero
Patagónico
Asthenes patagonica Patagonian Canastero |
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Canastero
Coludo
Asthenes pyrrholeuca Sharp-biled Canastero (AKA Lesser Canastero) |
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Winter migrant at Costanera Sur reserve, Buenos Aires - 5/2006 |
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Canastero
Pálido
Asthenes modesta Cordilleran Canastero |
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Espartillero
pampeano
Asthenes hudsoni Hudson's Canastero |
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Espartillero
Enano
ESPECIE GLOBALMENTE AMENAZADA Estado de Conservación según Birdlife International: |
Bay-capped
Wren-Spinetail
GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES Conservation Status by Birdlife International: |
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CASI
AMENAZADA
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x
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NEAR
THREATENED
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VULNERABLE
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-
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VULNERABLE
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EN
PELIGRO
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-
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ENDANGERED
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EN
PELIGRO CRITICO
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CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
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Espartillero
Enano
Spartonoica maluroides Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail |
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¡Primer avistaje para esta reserva! First known sighting at this reserve! |
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Pijuí
Plomizo
Synallaxis spixi Spixi's (or Chicli) Spinetail |
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Punta Lara,
Buenos Aires - 9/2006
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Pijuí
Frente Gris
Synallaxis frontalis Sooty-fronted Spinetail |
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Costanera Sur,
Buenos Aires - 6/2007
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Pijuí
Cola Parda
Synallaxis albescens Pale-breasted Spinetail |
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Pijui
Corona Rojiza
Synallaxis ruficapilla Rufous-capped Spinetail |
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Chotoy
Schoeneiophylax phryganophilus Chotoy Spinetail |
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10/2002 |
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Juvenil - Juvenile |
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Curutié
Blanco
Cranioleuca pyrrhophia Stripe-crowned Spinetail |
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Curutié
Ocráceo
Cranioleuca suphurifera Sulphur-throated Spinetail (AKA Sulphur-bearded Spinetail) |
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Punta Lara,
Buenos Aires - 10/2006
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Detalle de cola - Detail of tail |
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Juvenil .- Juvenile |
Juvenil .- Juvenile |
Juvenil .- Juvenile |
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Juvenil .- Juvenile |
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Pajonalera
Pico Recto
ESPECIE GLOBALMENTE AMENAZADA Estado de Conservación según Birdlife International: |
Straight-billed
Reedhaunter
GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES Conservation Status by Birdlife International: |
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CASI
AMENAZADA
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x
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NEAR
THREATENED
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VULNERABLE
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-
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VULNERABLE
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EN
PELIGRO
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-
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ENDANGERED
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EN
PELIGRO CRITICO
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-
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CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
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Es
inevitable comparar la postura que adopta la Pajonalera Pico Recto en
mi mejor foto, con la litografía por Elizabeth Gould, publicada
en 1839 en "The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagel" editado
por Charles Darwin
Inevitably I must compare the pose in my best photo of the Straight-billed Reedhunter with the lithograph by Elizabeth Gould, published in 1839 in "The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagel" edited by Charles Darwin |
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Colilarga
Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii Des Mur's Wiretail |
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